DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.043
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84918554058
论文题名: Seasonal trends in the composition and ROS activity of fine particulate matter in Baghdad, Iraq
作者: Hamad S ; H ; , Shafer M ; M ; , Kadhim A ; K ; H ; , Al-Omran S ; M ; , Schauer J ; J
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 0168-2563
EISSN: 1573-515X
出版年: 2015
卷: 100 起始页码: 102
结束页码: 110
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Baghdad-Iraq
; Chemical composition
; Fine particles
; ROS-activity
Scopus关键词: Atmospheric humidity
; Carbon
; Chemical analysis
; Ions
; Linear regression
; Particles (particulate matter)
; Pollution control
; Storms
; Atmospheric particulate matter
; Baghdad
; Chemical compositions
; Fine particles
; Fine particulate matter
; Reactive oxygen species
; Water soluble components
; Water-soluble organic carbon
; Organic carbon
; ammonia
; carbon
; elemental carbon
; gasoline
; organic carbon
; reactive oxygen metabolite
; sulfate
; unclassified drug
; atmospheric pollution
; bioassay
; biomass burning
; chemical composition
; concentration (composition)
; industrial emission
; particulate matter
; power plant
; seasonal variation
; Article
; biomass
; chemical composition
; cooling
; dispersion
; environmental parameters
; generator
; high temperature
; humidity
; Iraq
; macrophage
; oxidative stress
; particulate matter
; sand
; season
; water soluble organic carbon from biomass burning
; Baghdad [Iraq]
; Iraq
Scopus学科分类: Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要: Baghdad suffers from severe atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution and has limited infrastructure to monitor and control PM-pollution. To help better understand the nature of particulate matter in Baghdad, daily PM2.5 samples were collected every 6th day from September, 2012 to September, 2013. The samples were analyzed for chemical composition and cellular oxidative stress activity using a macrophage-based assay. The annual average PM2.5 concentration was 50±19μgm-3, and was comprised of approximately 28% crustal materials, 26% organic carbon (OC), 17% sulfate, 12% elemental carbon (EC), and 8.0% ammonium ion. No clear seasonal trend was observed for the total PM2.5 mass and PM2.5 OC, but EC exhibited higher concentrations in the warmer months, likely due to the extensive use of electric generators operated by diesel and gasoline for cooling. April showed the lowest levels of both EC and OC compared with other months due to both sand and rainstorm events which led to increased deposition and dispersion of local emissions. Concentrations of nitrate ion were low in all seasons due to the high temperatures and low humidity, but slightly higher levels were observed in the cooler months of winter. The oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS)) activity (59±35μg Zymosan equivalents m-3) of the PM was relatively lower than in other studied areas. Association between the water soluble PM constituents and the oxidative activity was investigated using a multi-linear regression model which showed no strong relationships between ROS activity and the water soluble components of PM2.5, but a moderate correlation of water soluble organic carbon from biomass burning (WSOC-BB) was observed (R2=0.52). Biomass burning PM has been shown to be an important contributor to ROS activity in other published studies, but additional work is needed to better understand the sources leading to the ROS activity in Baghdad. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/82136
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
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作者单位: Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI, United States; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI, United States; Iraqi Ministry of Environment, Al-Andalus Square, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, United States
Recommended Citation:
Hamad S,H,, Shafer M,et al. Seasonal trends in the composition and ROS activity of fine particulate matter in Baghdad, Iraq[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015-01-01,100