Air intakes
; Air pollution
; Pollution
; Pollution control
; Transportation
; Vehicles
; Human exposures
; Intake fraction
; PM2.5
; Spatial patterns
; Traffic emissions
; Air pollution control
; atmospheric pollution
; metropolitan area
; particulate matter
; pollution control
; pollution exposure
; precision
; spatial distribution
; air pollution
; air pollution control
; Article
; Canada
; classification
; environmental exposure
; exhaust gas
; geostatistical analysis
; human
; model
; particle size
; policy
; priority journal
; simulator
; traffic and transport
; urban area
; Canada
; Hamilton [Ontario]
; Ontario [Canada]
; Toronto
Scopus学科分类:
Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要:
Understanding the relationship between mobile source emissions and subsequent human exposure is crucial for emissions control. Determining this relationship over space is fundamental to improve the accuracy and precision of public policies. In this study, we evaluated the spatial patterns of link-based PM2.5 emissions and subsequent human exposure in a large Canadian metropolitan area - the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). This study was performed in three stages. First, we estimated vehicle emissions using transportation models and emission simulators. Then we evaluated human exposure to PM2.5 emissions using the Intake fraction (iF) approach. Finally, we applied geostatistical methods to assess spatial patterns of vehicle emissions and subsequent human exposure based on three prospective goals: i) classification of emissions (Global Moran's I test), ii) level of emission exposure (Getis-Ord General G test), and; iii) location of emissions (Anselin Local Moran's I). Our results showed that passenger vehicles accounted for the highest total amount of PM2.5 emissions, representing 57% emissions from all vehicles. Examining only the emissions from passenger vehicles, on average, each person in the GTHA inhales 2.58ï¿½× 10−3�ppm per day. Accounting the emissions from buses and trucks, on average each person inhales 0.12ï¿½× 10−3 and 1.91ï¿½× 10−3�ppm per day, respectively. For both PM2.5 emissions and human exposure using iF approach, our analysis showed Moran's Index greater than 0 for all vehicle categories, suggesting the presence of significant clusters (p-value <0.01) in the region. Our study indicates that air pollution control policy must be developed for the whole region, because of the spatial distribution of housing and businesses centers and inter-connectivity of transportation networks across the region, where a policy cannot simply be based on a municipal or other boundaries. � 2017 Elsevier Ltd
McMaster University, McMaster Institute for Transportation and Logistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Ryerson University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Harvard University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
Recommended Citation:
Requia W,J,, Dalumpines R,et al. Modeling spatial patterns of link-based PM2.5 emissions and subsequent human exposure in a large canadian metropolitan area[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,158