Air pollution
; Carbon dioxide
; Combustion
; Emission control
; Fuels
; Global warming
; Housing
; Kerosene
; Pollution
; Sulfur dioxide
; Waste disposal
; Waste incineration
; Agricultural activities
; Co benefits
; Emission inventories
; Global warming potential
; Higher emission intensity
; Indonesia
; Kerosene fuels
; Net emission reductions
; Greenhouse gases
; ammonia
; black carbon
; carbon dioxide
; carbon monoxide
; fuel
; kerosene
; methane
; nitrogen dioxide
; nitrous oxide
; non methane volatile organic compound
; organic carbon
; sulfur oxide
; unclassified drug
; volatile organic compound
; anthropogenic source
; assessment method
; atmospheric pollution
; biomass burning
; cooking appliance
; emission inventory
; environmental policy
; global warming
; greenhouse gas
; national planning
; resource use
; wax
; aerosol
; agriculture
; air pollutant
; air pollution
; Article
; biomass
; carbon footprint
; climate change
; combustion
; controlled study
; cooking
; electric power plant
; environmental impact
; environmental impact assessment
; environmental policy
; fire
; greenhouse effect
; greenhouse gas
; health hazard
; Indonesia
; industry
; nitrous oxide emission
; nonhuman
; particulate matter
; plant residue
; priority journal
; residential area
; risk reduction
; traffic and transport
; urban area
; waste disposal
; Greater Sunda Islands
; Indonesia
; Java
; Sumatra
; Sunda Isles
Scopus学科分类:
Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要:
This study presents an emission inventory (EI) for major anthropogenic sources of Indonesia in 2007 and 2010. The EI was developed using a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches with comprehensive activity data collected at the provincial/district level to produce spatially and temporally distributed emission of toxic pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs). The sources were categorized into: 1) fuel combustion in power plant, 2) industry, 3) transportation, 4) residential and commercial combustion, 5) biomass open burning, and 6) non-combustion agricultural activity and waste disposal. The best estimates of the 2010 national emissions, in Gg, of toxic pollutants were: 1014 SO2; 3323 NOx; 24,849 CO; 4077 NMVOC; 1276 NH3; 2154 PM10; 1728 PM2.5; 246 BC; 718 OC; and GHGs: 540,275 CO2; 3979 CH4and 180 N2O. During the period from 2007 to 2010, the national emissions increased by 0.7–8.8% (0.23–2.8% per year), varied with species, with the most significant changes obtained for the biomass open burning emissions. For 2010 results, the low and high emission estimates for different species were ranging from�−58% to�+122% of the corresponding best estimates. The largest range (high uncertainty) was for BC due to the wide range of the limitedly available emission factors. Spatially, higher emission intensity was seen in large urban areas of Java and Sumatra Islands. Temporally, dry months of August–October had higher emissions. During the first 3 years (2007–2010) of implementation, the national policy of elimination of kerosene use in cooking had successfully replaced 4.9�Tg kerosene with 2.6�Tg LPG in 30 designated provinces. The net emission reductions of different species ranged from 48�Mg (SO2) to 7.6�Tg for CO2. The global warming potential weighted emissions from the residential cooking alone, collectively for GHGs and short-lived climate pollutants in 20-yr CO2eq., would reduce by 2%. More significant reductions in the residential combustion emissions are expected if the solid cooking fuel could be targeted in future fuel conversion programs. The benefits to human health resulted from the emission reduction of toxic pollutants from residential cooking could be substantial and should be assessed in future studies. � 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand; Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environment, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Ganeca St. 10, Bandung, Indonesia
Recommended Citation:
Permadi D,A,, Sofyan A,et al. Assessment of emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in Indonesia and impacts of national policy for elimination of kerosene use in cooking[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,154