DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.056
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-85030712662
论文题名: Particle exposure and inhaled dose during commuting in Singapore
作者: Tan S ; H ; , Roth M ; , Velasco E
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 0168-2563
EISSN: 1573-515X
出版年: 2017
卷: 170 起始页码: 245
结束页码: 258
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Commuting
; Inhaled dose
; Particle exposure
; Singapore
; Transport mode
Scopus关键词: Air conditioning
; Aromatic hydrocarbons
; Buses
; Carbon monoxide
; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
; Railroads
; Taxicabs
; Transportation
; Background concentration
; Commuting
; Exposure concentration
; Inhaled dose
; Portable instrument
; Simultaneous measurement
; Singapore
; Transport modes
; Bus transportation
; black carbon
; carbon monoxide
; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
; air conditioning
; carbon monoxide
; combustion
; concentration (composition)
; dose-response relationship
; monitoring system
; PAH
; participatory approach
; particle size
; particulate matter
; pollution exposure
; surface area
; air conditioning
; Article
; breathing
; combustion
; environmental exposure
; heart rate
; human
; inhalation
; microenvironment
; motorized transport
; particle size
; priority journal
; Singapore
; surface area
; travel
; walking
; Singapore [Southeast Asia]
Scopus学科分类: Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要: Exposure concentration and inhaled dose of particles during door-to-door trips walking and using motorized transport modes (subway, bus, taxi) are evaluated along a selected route in a commercial district of Singapore. Concentrations of particles smaller than 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5), black carbon, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, number of particles, active surface area and carbon monoxide have been measured in-situ using portable instruments. Simultaneous measurements were conducted at a nearby park to capture the background concentrations. The heart rate of the participants was monitored during the measurements as a proxy of the inhalation rate used to calculate the inhaled dose of particles. All measured metrics were highest and well above background levels during walking. No significant difference was observed in the exposure concentration of PM2.5 for the three motorized transport modes, unlike for the metrics associated with ultrafine particles (UFP). The concentration of these freshly emitted particles was significantly lower on subway trips. The absence of combustion sources, use of air conditioning and screen doors at station platforms are effective measures to protect passengers' health. For other transport modes, sections of trips close to accelerating and idling vehicles, such as bus stops, traffic junctions and taxi stands, represent hotspots of particles. Reducing the waiting time at such locations will lower pollutants exposure and inhaled dose during a commute. After taking into account the effect of inhalation and travel duration when calculating dose, the health benefit of commuting by subway for this particular district of Singapore became even more evident. For example, pedestrians breathe in 2.6 and 3.2 times more PM2.5 and UFP, respectively than subway commuters. Public buses were the second best alternative. Walking emerged as the worst commuting mode in terms of particle exposure and inhaled dose. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/82740
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
There are no files associated with this item.
作者单位: Department of Geography, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Now at Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM), Singapore
Recommended Citation:
Tan S,H,, Roth M,et al. Particle exposure and inhaled dose during commuting in Singapore[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,170