The lack of capacity to monitor forest carbon stocks in developing countries is undermining global efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Involving local people in monitoring forest carbon stocks could potentially address this capacity gap. This study conducts a complete expert remeasurement of community-led biomass inventories in remote tropical forests of Papua New Guinea. By fully remeasuring and isolating the effects of 4,481 field measurements, we demonstrate that programmes employing local people (non-experts) can produce forest monitoring data as reliable as those produced by scientists (experts). Overall, non-experts reported lower biomass estimates by an average of 9.1%, equivalent to 55.2 fewer tonnes of biomass ha-1, which could have important financial implications for communities. However, there were no significant differences between forest biomass estimates of expert and non-expert, nor were there significant differences in some of the components used to calculate these estimates, such as tree diameter at breast height (DBH), tree counts and plot surface area, but were significant differences between tree heights. At the landscape level, the greatest biomass discrepancies resulted from height measurements (41%) and, unexpectedly, a few large missing trees contributing to a third of the overall discrepancies. We show that 85% of the biomass discrepancies at the tree level were caused by measurement taken on large trees (DBH ≥50cm), even though they consisted of only 14% of the stems. We demonstrate that programmes that engage local people can provide high-quality forest carbon data that could help overcome barriers to reducing forest carbon emissions in developing countries. Nonetheless, community-based monitoring programmes should prioritise reducing errors in the field that lead to the most important discrepancies, notably; overcoming challenges to accurately measure large trees.
School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;Center of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia